The most important protective and risk factors related to KA child mental health were parenting practices. Recent studies found 60% of KA adolescents had depression symptoms compared to 24% of European American adolescents ( Duggal, Carlson, Sroufe, & Egeland, 2001 Nam, 2013). KA children also scored significantly higher on depressive symptomatology than European American children ( Nahm, 2006). children experienced similar problems ( Kim, Guo, Koh, & Cain, 2010 Webster-Stratton & Hammond, 1998). Studies found 41% of KA children had behavior problems while 35% of U.S. Existing data clearly indicate child mental health disparities exist and there is an urgent need for early intervention in this population. KAs are a hard to reach population, making them medically underserved and understudied by researchers. Protective and Risk Factors Related to Korean American Child Mental Health The purpose of this study was to pilot-test the preliminary efficacy of the KPTP. Faith-based, health promotion program can be effective for KAs because 70 to 85% of them regularly attend KA churches ( Kim, Han, & McCubbin, 2007 Kwon, 2004). This program addresses parenting factors related to child mental health problems and can be delivered in the context of Korean culture and faith. In response, researchers developed the Korean Parent Training Program (KPTP). However, the Incredible Years Parenting Program, a standardized parent training program developed for European American parents, did not generalize well to KA parents due to cultural and linguistic differences ( Kim, Cain, & Webster-Stratton, 2008 Kim, Choe, & Webster-Stratton, 2010). Parent training is one of the most widely studied, cost-effective interventions known for reducing or preventing child mental health disparities through the promotion of effective parenting strategies ( Brestan & Eyberg, 1998 Webster-Stratton & Taylor, 2001). KA children and teens report more emotional and behavioral problems than European American children or other Asian American subgroups ( Choi, Stafford, Meininger, Roberts, & Smith, 2002 Kim & Cain, 2008 Nahm, 2006 Yeh, 2003 Yeh & Inose, 2002). Parenting dysfunction and the complications that arise when immigrant families must bridge two cultures are related to mental health problems among KA children and adolescents. Living in two conflicting cultures can also create conflict between parents, who practice Korean style parenting, and children, who quickly adopt U.S. Korean American (KA) immigrant parents encounter two cultural parenting norms which make them feel incompetent in their parenting firsthand experience with Korean parenting practices and an unfamiliarity with desired parenting practices in the U.S.
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